LEEP is a simple medical procedure that removes abnormal cells from the cervix. Doctors do it when a Pap smear or biopsy finds changes that could progress to cancer. The idea is to nip the problem in the bud.
Women worry about pain, risks, or long-term effects. Some say LEEP impacts pregnancy, while others say it is solely for HPV-caused matters. The truth? It’s a safe, effective treatment that helps protect against cervical cancer.
Here’s everything you need to know about LEEP, from how it works to recovery and follow-up care.
What is a LEEP procedure?
LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) is a medical procedure used to remove cervical cancer by getting rid of these cells.
During LEEP, a physician uses a thin wire loop with an electric current passing through it. This loop functions as a tiny knife, snipping off a layer of abnormal tissue from the cervix. The current through the wire heats it, giving it the ability to seek out and destroy these unwanted cells. This process also stops blood vessels up as it removes the abnormal tissue, leading to less bleeding.
When is a LEEP procedure necessary?
LEEP is commonly advised if tests like Pap smears or colposcopies show abnormal cells on the cervix. These abnormal cells can progress to cervical cancer over time without treatment. LEEP helps prevent this progression by removing them.
- Removing HPV-related lesions
- Treatments for pre-cancerous changes in the cervix
- Treating inflammation of the cervix
While HPV (human papillomavirus) is a leading cause of abnormal cervical cells, LEEP is also used for other reasons. Infections and hormonal changes, as well as smoking, can change cells that might need treatment.
Why is LEEP Important for Preventing Cervical Cancer?
By taking out precancerous cells at an early stage, LEEP prevents them from developing into cervical cancer. It’s a preemptive measure that lowers the chance you’ll need more intensive therapies like radiation or chemotherapy down the line.
LEEP vs. Colposcopy
In comparison to colposcopy, which is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the cervix for abnormalities, LEEP serves as a treatment method. Colposcopy involves using a special microscope to closely inspect the cervix and may include taking small tissue samples (biopsies) for further analysis. If significant abnormal cells are found during a colposcopy, a LEEP may be recommended to remove these cells.
What Is a LEEP Procedure Like?
It’s natural for many women to feel anxious before a LEEP procedure, but being aware of what to expect helps get you through it. Here’s a full rundown of everything that happens before, during, and after the procedure.
Before the Procedure
How to Prepare
The preparation is easy, but the doctor’s advice must be followed. Here’s what you need to do:
- Medications: Avoid taking blood thinners such as aspirin or ibuprofen before the procedure to decrease the risk for bleeding. Check with your physician about stopping any prescription medicines.
- Diet: Make sure you have a light meal before coming to the clinic; otherwise, you may feel dizzy. Fasting is not required.
- Activity Restrictions: Refrain from having sex, using tampons, or douching for at least 24 hours prior to the procedure. These may cause irritation around the cervix.
- Pain Control: Some doctors will recommend taking ibuprofen an hour before the procedure to ease cramping.
Is It Possible to Get LEEP During Your Period?
Yes, but it’s not ideal. A heavy period can make it difficult for the doctor to see the cervix clearly. In general, plan your LEEP when you’re not on your period, ideally in the first half of your cycle. If your period shows up unexpectedly, call your doctor to see if you should reschedule.
During the Procedure
What to Expect with General Anesthesia and Pain
LEEP is performed in a doctor’s office or clinic. You remain awake, and your cervix is numbed with a local anesthetic. You may feel a bit of a prick when they give you the numbing shot, but the procedure itself should be painless. Most women experience mild cramping, like period cramps.
How Long Does LEEP Take?
The actual procedure takes 5 to 10 minutes. But the entire appointment, including prep and recovery, is about 30 minutes.
Will LEEP Get All Abnormal Cells?
In most cases, yes. The doctor excises the problematic area along with a small margin of healthy tissue to ensure that no abnormal cells remain. The tissue that has been removed is sent to a lab for testing to confirm that the procedure was successful. If abnormal cells are present at the margins, a second treatment may be necessary.
After the Procedure
Immediate Side Effects
Immediately after the procedure, you could have:
- Mild cramps (similar to period pain).
- Thin, pink, or brown discharge from the cervix.
- Light spotting or small black flecks (from the solution used to stop bleeding).
Most women are able to leave the hospital within 10-15 minutes of the procedure.
When Can You Get Back to Your Normal Activities?
You can go back to work or regular activities the next day, but no heavy lifting or vigorous exercising for at least a week so it can heal properly.
What Kind of Discharge and Bleeding You Might Have
- The latter days: Light pink or brown discharge.
- 1–2 weeks later: Lighter blood when the cervix heals.
- Within 1 month: Light bleeding or discharge is expected.
Do not use tampons or have sexual intercourse for at least 4 weeks to minimize the chance of infection and assist in the healing process. If you have heavy bleeding (soaking through a pad within an hour), foul-smelling discharge, or fever, call your doctor immediately.
Risks and Side Effects of the LEEP Procedure
The majority of women will have no significant problems after the LEEP procedure. But mild side effects are common, and include:
- Cramping — Similar to period cramps, lasting a few hours up to a couple of days.
- Light Bleeding or Spotting – May last over four weeks.
- Watery or Brown Discharge – Usually has bits of black specks from the healing medication.
These symptoms are common and tend to resolve on their own. Women should use a pad rather than tampons and abstain from sex for a few weeks to prevent complications, the CDC says.
Risk of Infection
Infections, which are rare, can occur if bacteria move into the cervix. Watch for these signs:
- Discharge that has a strong smell or is yellow-green
- Severe abdominal pain or cramping
- Heavy bleeding (soaking a pad for an hour)
- Fever or chills
If you notice these symptoms, call your doctor immediately. Antibiotics can usually clear up the infection quickly.
Effects on Fertility and Pregnancy
For most women, a LEEP will not interfere with conception. But some studies indicate a small increase in risks after pregnancies:
- Preterm/early birth: Your risk of giving birth before 37 weeks is low.
- Low Birth Weight: A few studies have found that women who had a LEEP gave birth to babies weighing less than 5.5 pounds.
To decrease these risks, you should wait at least 12 months after a LEEP before attempting to conceive. This waiting time gives your cervix a chance to heal normally.
When to Call Your Doctor
You should see your doctor if you have:
- Bleeding that won’t slow down
- Intense pain that cannot be controlled with over-the-counter medication
- Fever over 101°F (38.3°C)
- Signs of infection such as smelly discharge
How Well Does LEEP Prevent Cervical Cancer?
LEEP is highly effective in treating precancerous cervical lesions, with success rates ranging from 73% to 99%.
But having that follow-up care is critical, to make sure the abnormal cells don’t come back.
But, If abnormal cells come back, what happens?
In some cases, abnormal cells may recur. Studies indicate a recurrence rate of about 13% within 12 months. In which case, your doctor may suggest:
- Repeat LEEP procedure (if only a limited area needs to be treated).
- Cone biopsy (removes a deeper part of the cervix)
- Hysterectomy (rarely, for severe or recurrent cases).
Screenings are important to spot any changes early.
Pap Smears and Other Follow-Up Tests
You will need regular Pap smears and HPV tests to monitor your cervix after LEEP.
- First follow-up: Typically 6 months following LEEP.
- If normal: You will have routine Pap smears every one to three years.
- If abnormal: You might need more tests or a different treatment.
The majority of women have no other problems after LEEP and resume a normal screening schedule.
Do’s and Don’ts After a LEEP Procedure
Proper aftercare is key to healing quickly and avoiding complications. Here are some recommended do’s and don’ts to follow during your recovery period.
Do’s
Rest and Take It Easy
Give your body time to heal. You may rest for the first 48 hours, avoiding heavy lifting and strenuous workouts. It’s fine to do light activities like walking.
Manage Discomfort
Cramping after LEEP is also normal and should be mild. Your doctor may have you take over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), as directed.
Monitor the discharge and bleeding.
You might experience spotting (light bleeding) or brownish discharge for two to three weeks. This is normal while your cervix is healing. If you use tampons, stick to sanitary pads in order to prevent infections.
Shower Instead of Bathing
You can shower, but avoid baths, hot tubs, and swimming pools until cleared by your doctor. Soaking in the water raises the risk of infection.
Stay Hydrated and Eat Well
Drink plenty of water and eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins to promote healing. Cut back on caffeine and alcohol.
Attend Follow-Up Appointments
The doctor will have you come back for a follow-up in four to six weeks to assess your healing. Do not skip the appointment to resolve any issues.
Don’ts
No Tampons or Menstrual Cups
For at least four weeks, do not use tampons or menstrual cups. Use sanitary pads instead of tampons to avoid irritation and increase the risk of infection.
No Sexual Intercourse
Avoid vaginal sex for four to six weeks, or until your doctor gives the okay that your cervix has healed enough.
Avoid Strenuous Exercise
Avoid heavy workouts, running, or lifting weights for two to four weeks. Blood is coming out too easily through physical strain and leading to discomfort.
Avoid baths, hot tubs, or swimming
Limit yourself to showers to keep the surgical area clean and minimize infection risk. Don’t resume bathing or swimming until your doctor gives the okay to do so.
Don’t Ignore Warning Signs
Get medical attention if you have heavy bleeding (soaking through a pad in an hour), foul-smelling discharge, fever higher than 101°F (38.3°C), or severe pain in your abdomen.
FAQs About the LEEP Procedure
How Serious Is a LEEP Procedure?
LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) is a very common, safe procedure. It is typically performed in a physician’s office, using local anesthesia. Most people are able to resume normal activities within a day or two. Complications are rare, but they can include infection or bleeding. Talk to your healthcare provider about any concerns.
What is the Difference Between LEEP and Conization?
- LEEP: A thin, electrically charged wire loop cuts away superficial abnormal tissue. It’s a less invasive procedure, usually done in the office with local anesthesia.
- Conization: A scalpel (cold knife), laser, or LEEP removes a cone-shaped piece of tissue. This more extensive procedure may require general anesthesia and is typically performed in a hospital.
What Happens if You Ignore Abnormal Cells?
If abnormal cells on the cervix are not treated:
- Mild dysplasia can resolve on its own.
- Cervical cancer takes many years to develop from moderate to severe dysplasia.
- The longer abnormal cells are around, the greater the chance of serious complications.
Can LEEP Affect Your Pregnancy?
Yes, you can get it. A LEEP procedure usually does not have an impact on fertility. A vast majority of women go on to conceive naturally once they are healed. But talk to your healthcare provider about any concerns.
Last Words
Understanding the role of LEEP in women’s health empowers better health decisions. It can be prevented through regular screenings and early treatment. Always ask your doctor about your specific situation and adhere to existing recommendations related to cervical health.
